La clemenza di Tito (English: The Clemency of Titus), K. 621, is an opera seria in two acts composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to an Italian libretto by Caterino Mazzolà, after Metastasio. It was started after the bulk of The Magic Flute, the last opera that Mozart worked on, was already written (Mozart completed The Magic Flute after the Prague premiere of Tito). The work premiered on 6 September 1791 at the Estates Theatre in Prague.

Background

In July 1791, the last year of his life, Mozart was already well advanced in writing The Magic Flute when he was asked to compose an opera seria. The commission came from the impresario Domenico Guardasoni, who lived in Prague and who had been charged by the Estates of Bohemia with providing a new work to celebrate the coronation of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, as King of Bohemia. The coronation had been planned by the Estates in order to ratify a political agreement between Leopold and the nobility of Bohemia that rescinded efforts of Leopold's brother Joseph II to initiate a program to free the serfs of Bohemia and increase the tax burden of aristocratic landholders. Leopold desired to pacify the Bohemian nobility in order to forestall revolt and strengthen his empire in the face of political challenges engendered by the French Revolution. The ceremony was to take place on 6 September; Guardasoni had been approached about the opera in June. No opera of Mozart was more clearly pressed into the service of a political agenda than La clemenza di Tito, in this case to promote the reactionary political and social policies of an aristocratic elite. No evidence exists to evaluate Mozart's attitude toward this, or even whether he was aware of the internal political conflicts raging in the kingdom of Bohemia in 1791.

In a contract dated 8 July, Guardasoni promised that he would engage a castrato "of leading quality" (this seems to have mattered more than who wrote the opera); that he would "have the libretto caused to be written...and to be set to music by a distinguished maestro". The time was tight and Guardasoni had a get-out clause: if he failed to secure a new text, he would resort to La clemenza di Tito, a libretto written more than half a century earlier by Pietro Metastasio (1698–1782).

Metastasio's libretto had already been set by nearly 40 composers; the story is based on the life of Roman Emperor Titus, from some brief hints in The Lives of the Caesars by the Roman writer Suetonius, and was elaborated by Metastasio in 1734 for the Italian composer Antonio Caldara. Among later settings were Gluck's in 1752 and Josef Mysliveček's version in 1774; there would be three further settings after 1791. Mozart was not Guardasoni's first choice. Instead, he approached Antonio Salieri, the most distinguished composer of Italian opera in Vienna and head of the music establishment at the imperial court. But Salieri was too busy, and he declined the commission, although he did attend the coronation.

The libretto was edited into a more useful state by the court poet Caterino Mazzolà, whom, unusually, Mozart credited for his revision in his own catalogue of his compositions. Mazzolà added more ensemble numbers and a concerted act 1 finale to Metastasio's original layout of recitatives and arias. Guardasoni's experience of Mozart's work on Don Giovanni convinced him that the younger composer was more than capable of working on the tightest deadline. Mozart readily accepted the commission given his fee would be twice the price of a similar opera commissioned in Vienna. Mozart's earliest biographer Niemetschek alleged that the opera was completed in just 18 days, and in such haste that the secco recitatives were supplied by another composer, probably Franz Xaver Süssmayr, believed to have been Mozart's pupil, although no other documentation exists to confirm Süssmayr's participation. Some Mozart scholars have suggested in the past that Mozart had been working on the opera much longer, perhaps since 1789, however all such theories have now been thoroughly refuted in the English-language musicological literature. The opera may not have been written in just 18 days, but it certainly ranks with Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri, Il barbiere di Siviglia and La Cenerentola as one of the operas written in the shortest amount of time that is still frequently performed today.

It is not known what Leopold thought of the opera written in his honor. Reports that his wife Maria Luisa of Spain dismissed it as una porcheria tedesca (literally in Italian "German swinishness," but most idiomatically translated "A German mess") do not pre-date 1871, in a collection of literary vignettes by Alfred Meissner about the history of Prague purportedly based on recollections of the author's grandfather, who was present for the coronation ceremonies.

Performance history

The premiere took place a few hours after Leopold's coronation. The role of Sesto was taken by castrato soprano, Domenico Bedini. The opera was first performed publicly on 6 September 1791 at the Estates Theatre in Prague.

The opera remained popular for many years after Mozart's death. It was the first Mozart opera to reach London, receiving its première there at His Majesty's Theatre on 27 March 1806.The cast included John Braham whose long-time companion Nancy Storace, had been the first Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna. However as it was only played once it does not appear to have attracted much interest. As far as can be gathered it was not staged in London again until at the St Pancras Festival in 1957. The first performance at La Scala in Milan was on 26 December 1818. The North American premiere was staged on 4 August 1952 at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood. But for a long time, Mozart scholars regarded Tito as an inferior effort of the composer. Alfred Einstein in 1945 wrote that it was "customary to speak disparagingly of La clemenza di Tito and to dismiss it as the product of haste and fatigue," and he continues the disparagement to some extent by condemning the characters as puppets – e.g., "Tito is nothing but a mere puppet representing magnanimity" – and claiming that the opera seria was already a moribund form. However, in recent years the opera has undergone something of a reappraisal. Stanley Sadie considered it to show Mozart "responding with music of restraint, nobility and warmth to a new kind of stimulus".

The opera continues to be popular: Operabase lists 89 performances of 17 productions in 16 different cities for 2011 and 2012.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere cast 6 September 1791 (Conductor: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
Tito, Roman Emperor	tenor	Antonio Baglioni
Vitellia, daughter of the deposed Emperor Vitellio	soprano	Maria Marchetti-Fantozzi
Sesto, a young patrician, friend of Tito, in love with Vitellia	soprano castrato	Domenico Bedini
Annio, a young patrician, friend of Sesto, in love with Servilia	soprano	Carolina Perini
Servilia, sister of Sesto, in love with Annio	soprano	Antonina Campi, née Miklaszewicz (also called Signora Antonini)
Publio, Praetorian prefect, commander of the Praetorian Guard	bass	Gaetano Campi

Instrumentation

The opera is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, (I also basset clarinet and basset horn), 2 bassoons, 2 French horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. Basso continuo in recitativi secchi is made of cembalo and violoncello. Period performance practice often uses a fortepiano.

Synopsis

Place and time: Rome, in the year 79.

Act 1

Vitellia, daughter of deposed emperor Vitellio, wants revenge against Tito and stirs up Tito's vacillating friend Sesto, who is in love with her, to act against him (duet Come ti piace, imponi). But when she hears word that Tito has sent Berenice of Cilicia, of whom she was jealous, back to Jerusalem, Vitellia tells Sesto to delay carrying out her wishes, hoping Tito will choose her (Vitellia) as his empress (aria Deh, se piacer mi vuoi).

Tito, however, decides to choose Sesto's sister Servilia to be his empress, and orders Annio (Sesto's friend) to bear the message to Servilia (aria Del più sublime soglio). Since Annio and Servilia, unbeknownst to Tito, are in love, this news is very unwelcome to both (duet Ah, perdona al primo affetto). Servilia decides to tell Tito the truth but also says that if Tito still insists on marrying her, she will obey. Tito thanks the gods for Servilia's truthfulness and immediately forswears the idea of coming between her and Annio (aria Ah, se fosse intorno al trono).

In the meantime, however, Vitellia has heard the news about Tito's interest in Servilia and is again boiling with jealousy. She urges Sesto to assassinate Tito. He agrees, singing one of the opera's most famous arias (Parto, parto, ma tu, ben mio with basset clarinet obbligato). Almost as soon as he leaves, Annio and the guard Publio arrive to escort Vitellia to Tito, who has now chosen her as his empress. She is torn with feelings of guilt and worry over what she has sent Sesto to do.

Sesto, meanwhile, is at the Capitol wrestling with his conscience (recitativo Oh Dei, che smania è questa), as he and his accomplices go about to burn it down. The other characters (except Tito) enter severally and react with horror to the burning Capitol. Sesto reenters and announces that he saw Tito slain, but Vitellia stops him from incriminating himself as the assassin. The others lament Tito in a slow, mournful conclusion to act 1.

Act 2

The act begins with Annio telling Sesto that Emperor Tito is in fact alive and has just been seen; in the smoke and chaos, Sesto mistook another for Tito. Sesto wants to leave Rome, but Annio persuades him not to (aria Torna di Tito a lato). Soon Publio arrives to arrest Sesto, bearing the news that it was one of Sesto's co-conspirators who dressed himself in Tito's robes and was stabbed, though not mortally, by Sesto. The Senate tries Sesto as Tito waits impatiently, sure that his friend will be exonerated; Publio expresses his doubts (aria Tardi s'avvede d'un tradimento) and leaves for the Senate. Annio begs Tito to show clemency towards his friend (aria Tu fosti tradito). Publio returns and accounces that Sesto has been found guilty and an anguished Tito must sign Sesto's death sentence.

He decides to send for Sesto first, attempting to obtain further details about the plot. Sesto takes all the guilt on himself and says he deserves death (rondo Deh, per questo istante solo), so Tito tells him he shall have it and sends him away. But after an extended internal struggle, Tito tears up the execution warrant for Sesto and determines that, if the world wishes to accuse him (Tito) of anything, it can charge him with showing too much mercy rather than with having a vengeful heart (aria Se all'impero).

Vitellia at this time is torn by guilt, but Servilia warns her that tears alone will not save Sesto (aria S'altro che lagrime). Vitellia finally decides to confess all to Tito, giving up her hopes of empire (rondo Non più di fiori with basset horn obbligato). In the amphitheatre, the condemned (including Sesto) are waiting to be thrown to the wild beasts. Tito is about to show mercy when Vitellia offers her confession as the instigator of Sesto's plot. Though shocked, the emperor includes her in the general clemency he offers (recitativo accompagnato Ma che giorno è mai questo?). The opera concludes with all the subjects praising the extreme generosity of Tito, while he himself asks that the gods cut short his days when he ceases to care for the good of Rome.

Recordings

Many recordings have been made, including among others the following:

Year	Cast (Tito, Vitellia, Sesto, Annio, Servilia, Publio)	Conductor orchestra, chorus	Label Catalogue number
1967	Werner Krenn, Maria Casula, Teresa Berganza, Brigitte Fassbaender, Lucia Popp, Tugomir Franc	István Kertész Vienna State Opera Orchestra and Chorus; produced by Erik Smith	CD: Decca Cat: 000289 475 7030 1
1976	Stuart Burrows, Janet Baker, Yvonne Minton, Frederica von Stade, Lucia Popp, Robert Lloyd	Colin Davis Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden	CD: Philips Classics Cat: 000289 422 5442 8
1978	Peter Schreier, Júlia Várady, Teresa Berganza, Marga Schiml, Edith Mathis, Theo Adam	Karl Böhm Staatskapelle Dresden, Leipzig Radio Chorus	CD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: 000289 429 8782 1
1988	Gösta Winbergh, Carol Vaness, Delores Ziegler, Martha Senn, Christine Barbaux, László Polgár	Riccardo Muti Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, Chorus of the Vienna State Opera	CD: EMI Cat: CDS 5 55489-2
1990	Anthony Rolfe Johnson, Júlia Várady, Anne Sofie von Otter, Catherine Robbin, Sylvia McNair, Cornelius Hauptmann	John Eliot Gardiner English Baroque Soloists, Monteverdi Choir	CD: Deutsche Grammophon "Archiv" Cat: 000289 431 8062 7
1991	Philip Langridge, Ashley Putnam, Diana Montague, Martine Mahé, Elzbieta Szmytka, Peter Rose	Andrew Davis London Philharmonic Orchestra, Glyndebourne Chorus	DVD Video: ArtHaus Musik Cat: 100 407
1992	Uwe Heilmann, Della Jones, Cecilia Bartoli, Diana Montague, Barbara Bonney, Gilles Cachemaille	Christopher Hogwood Academy of Ancient Music Orchestra and Chorus	CD: Decca "L'Oiseau-Lyre" Cat: 000289 444 1312 0
1993	Philip Langridge, Lucia Popp, Ann Murray, Delores Ziegler, Ruth Ziesak, László Polgár	Nikolaus Harnoncourt Zurich Opera Orchestra and Chorus	CD: Warner Classics "Teldec" Cat: 2564-68830-8
2005	Rainer Trost, Hillevi Martinpelto, Magdalena Kožená, Christine Rice, Lisa Milne, John Relyea	Charles Mackerras Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Scottish Baroque Chorus	CD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: 000289 477 5792 4
2005	Mark Padmore, Alexandrina Pendatchanska, Bernarda Fink, Marie-Claude Chappuis, Sunhae Im, Sergio Foresti	René Jacobs Freiburg Baroque Orchestra, Berlin RIAS Chamber Chorus	CD: Harmonia Mundi Cat: HMC901923.24
2005	Christoph Prégardien, Catherine Neglestad, Susan Graham, Ekaterina Siurina, Hannah Esther Minutillo, Roland Bracht	Sylvain Cambreling Orchestra and Chorus of Paris National Opera	DVD Video / BD: Opus Arte Cat: OA 0942 / OA BD7086D

See also

• List of operas by Mozart

References

Notes

1. ^ The political and social conditions surrounding the performance of La clemenza di Tito in Prague in 1791 are carefully documented in Freeman, Mozart in Prague, esp. 148–177.
2. ^ See Freeman, Mozart in Prague, esp. the notes on pp. 300–301, for an evaluation of the relevant literature.
3. ^ Meissner, A. Rococo-Bilder Prague, 1871. The passage from Meissner's collection of stories that contains the remark is translated in Freeman, Mozart in Prague, 173–74. As further evidence to cast doubt on the authenticity of the remark, Freeman points out that members of the imperial court of Austria always spoke to each other in French, not Italian or German.
4. ^ Stivender, D. ed. and trans., La clemenza di Tito (libretto), in The Metropolitan Opera Book of Mozart Operas, NY: HarperCollins, 1991, p. 502
5. ^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "La clemenza di Tito, 27 March 1806". Almanacco Amadeus (Italian).
6. ^ "Almanacco 26 December 1818" (in Italian). AmadeusOnline. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
7. ^ "Almanacco 4 August 1952" (in Italian). AmadeusOnline. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
8. ^ Einstein, A. Mozart: His Character, His Work, NY: Oxford University Press, 1945, pp. 408–11
9. ^ Sadie, S. The New Grove Mozart, NY: Norton, 1983, p. 164. Freeman, Mozart in Prague, 227–237, offers a mixed appraisal of its musical and dramatic worth.
10. ^ "Performances La clemenza di Tito 2011/2012". Operabase. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 
11. ^ According to Julian Rushton and Dizionario dell'opera.
12. ^ "Almanacco 6 September 1791" (in Italian). AmadeusOnline. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
13. ^ Brauneis, Walther, "Wer war Mozarts 'Sig[no]ra Antonini' in der Prager Uraufführung von 'La Clemenza di Tito' KV 621? Zur Identifizierung der Antonina Miklaszewicz als Interpretin der Servilia in der Krönungsoper am 6. September 1791", in Angermüller, Rudolph and Fornari, Giacomo (editors), Mozart: le arie da concerto, Mozart e la musica massonica dei suoi tempi / Die Konzertarien, Mozart und die Freimaurermusik seiner Zeit. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Rovereto, 26–27 settembre 1998 / Bericht des internationalen Kongresses, Rovereto, 26.–27. September 1998, Bad Honnef: Bock, 2001, pp. 69–79. ISBN 978-3-87066-825-9.
14. ^ "La clemenza di Tito discography". www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
15. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Kertesz". MusicWeb International (Robert J. Farr). March 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
16. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Kertesz". Gramophone. February 1968. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
17. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Davis". Gramophone. November 1977. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
18. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Böhm". Gramophone. September 1979. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
19. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Muti". Gramophone. October 1995. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
20. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Gardiner". Gramophone. December 1991. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
21. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Davis DVD". Opera News (William R. Braun). September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
22. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Hogwood". Gramophone. March 1995. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
23. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Harnoncourt". Gramophone. May 1994. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
24. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Mackerras/Jacobs". Gramophone. June 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 
25. ^ "Review – Mozart – La clemenza di Tito – Cambreling DVD". MusicWeb International (Robert J. Farr). March 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2010. 

Sources

• Freeman, Daniel (2013), Mozart in Prague. Minneapolis: Bearclaw. ISBN 978-0-9794223-1-7
• Rice, John A. (1991), W. A. Mozart, "La clemenza di Tito". Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN ??
• Robins, Brian, "La clemenza di Tito – Mozart's Operatic Failure?" on earlymusicworld.com Retrieved 23 November 2011
• Rushton, Julian, Clemenza di Tito, La, in Sadie, Stanley (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York: Grove (Oxford University Press), 1997, I, pp. 881-883. ISBN 978-0-19-522186-2
• Mellace, Raffaele, Clemenza di Tito, La, in Gelli, Piero & Poletti, Filippo (eds.),Dizionario dell'Opera 2008, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2007, pp. 241-244, ISBN 978-88-6073-184-5 (in Italian)